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How NAD Precursors Work in the Body or what do I need to understand before taking a NAD supplement
Generated by ChatGPT (GPT-5 Thinking mini, OpenAI). Answer obtained August 10, 2025. Note: AI-generated content may contain inaccuracies; consult primary literature for clinical decisions.
Step 1 — Ingestion
• You swallow NR, NMN, or niacinamide.
• NAD⁺ itself is mostly broken down in the gut into smaller units before absorption.
Step 2 — Absorption
• NR: Taken up in the small intestine by nucleoside transporters.
• NMN: Likely broken down into NR before uptake in humans (still debated), though some evidence suggests a specific transporter exists in mice.
• Niacinamide: Readily absorbed via facilitated diffusion.
Step 3 — First-pass conversion
• In intestinal cells and liver, precursors enter the NAD salvage pathway:
• NR → NMN → NAD⁺
• NAM → NMN → NAD⁺
• Enzymes: NRK (nicotinamide riboside kinase) and NMNAT (nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase) are key rate-limiting steps.
Step 4 — Distribution
• NAD⁺ made in the liver is not directly shipped out — instead, NAD precursors (like NAM) circulate and are taken up by other tissues to make their own NAD⁺.
Step 5 — Regulation & limits
• If intake is too high, excess NAM accumulates. This inhibits sirtuins and PARPs, counteracting benefits.
• Enzymes like CD38 constantly break down NAD⁺ — higher with age and inflammation, meaning older adults may “burn through” NAD⁺ faster.
• Cells balance NAD⁺ pools across the nucleus, cytosol, and mitochondria separately — boosting blood NAD⁺ doesn’t guarantee a big mitochondrial bump.
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Key takeaway for dosage:
• There’s a ceiling: above a certain point, enzymes and feedback loops turn extra NAD precursors into waste products or inhibitors.
• For most healthy adults in studies, 300–500 mg/day NR or NMN moves NAD⁺ significantly; beyond 1 g/day, gains flatten and side effects (like flushing or digestive upset) can increase.
Prompt:
What do we know about the biology of NAD taken as a supplement. By biology is meant does oral ingestion really result in improving what we know the molecule does. Also biology is replete with examples of just the right amount being critical and that suggests dosage matters
Response
NAD biology is tricky, because the molecule is central to metabolism but also because taking it as a supplement doesn’t work as cleanly as people often assume. Let’s break it down carefully.
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1. What NAD does in the body
• Core role: NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme that shuttles electrons in redox reactions — it’s essential for energy production (glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation).
• Other roles: It’s also a substrate for enzymes that regulate DNA repair (PARPs), gene expression (sirtuins), and cell signaling (CD38).
• Decline with age: Tissue NAD⁺ levels tend to drop with age and in certain diseases, which has spurred interest in supplements.
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2. The problem with taking NAD⁺ directly
• Poor absorption: NAD⁺ itself is too large and charged to cross cell membranes efficiently and is rapidly broken down in the gut.
• Blood stability: Even if some NAD⁺ gets absorbed, blood enzymes degrade it quickly into smaller molecules before it reaches cells intact.
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3. Why precursors are used instead
Most supplements aren’t pure NAD⁺ — they’re precursors that cells can convert into NAD⁺:
• Niacin (vitamin B3) — classic form, raises NAD⁺ but can cause flushing.
• Nicotinamide (NAM) — raises NAD⁺ but in high doses can inhibit sirtuins (feedback inhibition).
• Nicotinamide riboside (NR) — marketed for NAD⁺ boosting; shown to raise NAD⁺ in blood and some tissues in humans.
• Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) — similar to NR, but one step closer to NAD⁺ in the biosynthetic pathway. Absorption route in humans is still debated.
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4. What the evidence says about oral supplementation
• Human trials: Small clinical studies show NR and NMN can raise blood NAD⁺ by ~20–60% within days to weeks.
• Tissue effects: Less clear — increases in muscle NAD⁺ are modest in healthy young adults, but more noticeable in older adults or those with metabolic issues.
• Functional benefits: Early human data suggest possible improvements in some measures (insulin sensitivity, vascular function), but effects are modest and not always reproducible.
• Animal vs human: Mice show bigger and more consistent benefits (lifespan extension, improved mitochondrial function) than humans so far.
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5. The dosage question — “just right” matters
Biology often follows a U-shaped curve:
• Too little NAD⁺ → impaired energy metabolism, DNA repair, resilience to stress.
• Too much NAD⁺ → potential issues:
• Sirtuin/PARP overactivation (could affect cell cycle or stress response).
• NAM accumulation from breakdown, which at high levels inhibits sirtuins.
• Possible support for growth of some cancer cells (since cancer often thrives on robust NAD⁺ metabolism).
• Most human trials use 250–1000 mg/day of NR or NMN and report it as safe for months to years — but long-term effects beyond that aren’t known.
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6. Key uncertainties
• Optimal target NAD⁺ level for different ages and conditions isn’t known.
• Which tissues benefit most from supplementation — blood NAD⁺ isn’t always a good proxy for brain, heart, or muscle.
• Whether long-term high-dose use has subtle downsides, especially in those without NAD⁺ deficiency.
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Bottom line
• Oral NAD⁺ itself doesn’t survive digestion well; precursors like NR and NMN do raise blood NAD⁺ in humans.
• There’s good biochemical evidence they work in principle, but the translation into large, lasting health gains in humans is still tentative.
• Dose likely matters a lot — both too little and too much could be counterproductive.
• At present, the strongest case for supplementation is in older adults or people with certain metabolic or mitochondrial disorders, not necessarily healthy young individuals.
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The evidence
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A co conspirator hypothesis
FB removed this video perhaps due to the comment linking two co conspirators in a hypothesis
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ChatGPT explains AI
Here’s a clear, structured explanation of what AI is, the different forms of it, and how each compares in strengths and weaknesses for real-world applications.
What Is AI?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to systems or machines that perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence—such as reasoning, learning, problem-solving, understanding language, visual perception, and decision-making.
At its core, AI is about creating algorithms that can sense, interpret, act, and learn—often improving with more data.
Major Forms of AI
AI is usually described using three main taxonomies:
By capability Narrow (Weak) AI General AI Superintelligent AI By technique Machine Learning (ML) Deep Learning (DL) Symbolic / Rule-Based AI Hybrid AI By functional type Reactive Limited Memory Theory of Mind (conceptual) Self-aware (conceptual)
Below is a practical combined view focused on how AI is actually used, what each type is good for, and where it struggles.
1. Narrow (Weak) AI
What it is
Systems designed to perform one task very well—like image recognition, translation, or playing chess.
Examples
ChatGPT Google Maps route optimization Medical imaging classifiers Spam filters Recommendation systems (Netflix, Amazon)
Strengths
Extremely good at specific tasks Trained on massive datasets Often more accurate than humans in narrow domains Scalable and cost-effective
Weaknesses
Cannot generalize outside their domain No common sense or understanding Can fail in surprising ways Dependent on data quality and quantity
Best applications
Pattern recognition (vision, speech, fraud detection) Automation of repetitive cognitive tasks Industrial optimization, robotics, logistics
2. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)—Conceptual / Emerging
What it is
A hypothetical system able to perform any intellectual task a human can, with flexible reasoning and common sense.
Strengths (theoretical)
Can generalize from one domain to another Robust problem solving Could autonomously plan, adapt, and self-correct Doesn’t break when conditions change
Weaknesses (current reality)
Not achieved yet Hard to control, align, or interpret Requires vast computational resources Risks unclear and widely debated
Best applications (future)
Complex autonomous decision-making Scientific discovery Multi-domain personal assistants Robotics that understand real-world context
3. Machine Learning (ML)
What it is
Algorithms that learn patterns from data without being explicitly programmed.
Common types
Supervised learning (labelled data → predict outputs) Unsupervised learning (find structure in data) Reinforcement learning (learn via trial-and-error rewards)
Examples
Credit scoring Predictive maintenance Anomaly detection Weather forecasting
Strengths
Adaptable to many data types Good for prediction and classification Often interpretable (for simpler ML models)
Weaknesses
Requires lots of cleaned, structured data Struggles with unstructured data (images, language) unless paired with deep learning Susceptible to bias
Best applications
Forecasting Optimization Risk scoring Moderate-complexity automation
4. Deep Learning (DL)
What it is
A subset of ML using large neural networks with many layers—excellent at handling unstructured data.
Examples
Large language models (GPT, Gemini, Claude) Computer vision (self-driving car perception) Speech recognition Protein structure prediction (AlphaFold)
Strengths
State-of-the-art performance in many tasks Good at abstraction (patterns humans can’t see) Works with messy, large datasets
Weaknesses
Data-hungry and computationally expensive Often “black boxes”—hard to understand their reasoning Vulnerable to adversarial examples Hallucinates or makes confident errors
Best applications
Vision Speech Language Scientific discovery High-dimensional pattern recognition
5. Symbolic / Rule-Based AI
What it is
AI that uses predefined logic rules and knowledge graphs rather than learned patterns.
Examples
Expert systems (medical diagnosis systems in the 1980s) Tax software Logic-based planning tools Knowledge bases (Wolfram Alpha)
Strengths
Transparent and interpretable Good for legal, regulatory, or safety-critical logic Needs less data Easy to validate and audit
Weaknesses
Doesn’t scale well—rules explode in complexity Brittle—breaks when rules miss edge cases Cannot learn from data
Best applications
Finance compliance Safety-critical decision support Deterministic workflows Data-quality enforcement
6. Hybrid Systems (Neuro-Symbolic AI)
What it is
Combines deep learning (pattern recognition) with symbolic logic (structured reasoning).
Examples
Robotics navigation with perception + rules AI assistants using LLMs + deterministic logic IBM neuro-symbolic systems for enterprise workflows
Strengths
Better reasoning than pure DL More reliable and interpretable Handles uncertainty while enforcing constraints Can use smaller datasets
Weaknesses
Hard to design Integrating two paradigms can be complex Still a young field
Best applications
Robotics Enterprise automation Science (where both learned patterns and logical constraints matter)
Key Takeaway
AI isn’t one thing—it’s a spectrum of methods. The right choice depends entirely on the data, the problem, the need for reliability, and whether interpretability or flexibility matters more.
Summary
Classifications 
Didn’t allow delete of duplicates.
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The News in screenshots November 2025
Swamp Administration USA 2025 
Not about just one rotten apple 
Social media platforms are owned by the oligarchs who do their best to bend their knee 
The impact goes beyond the shores of America 
It is is a historical moment -
Record to Prosecute
Historical Record November 2025 a snippet
Record to Prosecute
Seargeant Jose Barco who has received a Purple Heart is now detained & has been for months. They tried to deport him to Venezuela, but they wouldn’t accept him. He saved two of his fellow soldiers after getting knocked out. He’s got a TBI & third degree burns all over! He has PTSD
Democrats need to call Republicans what they are: un-American. Every Republican going along with Trump’s destruction wears that label, and it’s time to make them own it. Watch LP’s Stuart Stevens on MSNBC:
From Senator Patrick Murray
Donald Trump sent more money to bail out Argentina than it would have cost to extend the ACA tax credits for just 1 year.
I don’t plan to let anyone forget it.
ICE detaining gang members. Nope. They are detaining the spouses of Veterans who have been following all the rules for citizenship. #DemsUnited
ICE Nazis are pepper-spraying into cars while Chicagoans are just trying to exist… in their own city, on their own streets.
In the clip, a woman drives down the street as agents stand in the road, pointing pepper spray into every passing car.
As she goes to drive through a green light, one agent steps toward her moving vehicle, yelling, “Don’t you freakin’ hit us,” while aiming pepper spray directly at her.
Officers were injured defending this Capitol on January 6th.
And now eight Senators — Graham, Johnson, Blackburn, Lummis, Hagerty, Hawley, Sullivan, and Tuberville — snuck in a MILLION-DOLLAR PAYOUT for being investigated for their possible involvement in the insurrection.
This woman saw two people being detained by ICE so she started filming & asking what was happening & ICE told her Don’t ruin your life for people you don’t know! This is while they’re threatening to arrest her as a U.S citizen.These men are Desensitized & care only about money!
The largest database of all federal agents is held by the US government.
Except for one agency, ICE. We have the largest(and growing) database of ICE agents.
This is not normal. We shouldn’t need to do this. You should be able to find out that information from your government, not a third party in a foreign country.
But we have to do this, because since February 2025, they are offered anonymity.
ICE agents on rampage is a daily story 
Congressional Representatives do their best to share information that is suppressed by social media owned by oligarchs 
This is the story of algorithmic suppression -
Puzzle is so only till it is solved
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Heather Cox Richardson’s summary of Sunday 26 Oct 2025
ChatGPT summarized
Paul Krugman’s Core Argument: Economist Paul Krugman highlights how renewable energy—like solar and wind—has entered a “virtuous circle” of growth, where lower costs spur more production, and greater production drives further cost reductions. This progress was possible because of early government subsidies that made renewables viable against entrenched fossil fuels.
The Lesson from History: The story of America’s first great infrastructure project—the Erie Canal—shows how visionary government investment can transform a nation’s economy. In both cases, public support for innovation led to explosive private growth, linking local ambition to national prosperity.
Krugman’s Warning: Despite undeniable success, the Trump administration echoes the same outdated skepticism voiced by Dick Cheney’s 2001 task force, which dismissed renewables as “trivial.” Krugman argues that this backward view ignores global momentum—especially China’s leadership—and threatens U.S. competitiveness. The Founding Vision of Public Investment: Alexander Hamilton called for government support of emerging industries to strengthen the young republic. George Washington envisioned canals and internal improvements to unify trade routes and bind the states together. Their successors, facing disunity under the Articles of Confederation, convened in 1787 to create a stronger Constitution—precisely so that national infrastructure and commerce could flourish.
The Erie Canal as Proof of Concept: When federal aid was denied, New York State funded the project itself in 1817, led by Governor De Witt Clinton. Engineers with no formal training pioneered techniques that became the foundation of American civil engineering. Critics warned it would bankrupt the state; instead, it repaid its cost within a few years and cut shipping prices from 19 cents to under 3 cents per mile.
The canal connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic, gave rise to booming cities like Syracuse and Rochester, and transformed New York into the nation’s commercial center. Economic and Social Transformation: The canal not only moved goods faster but moved people and ideas westward, binding new territories to the Union. It became a model for how infrastructure sparks innovation, community growth, and national unity—exactly the kind of synergy Krugman attributes to renewables today. The Enduring Message: On October 26, 1825, Governor Clinton poured Lake Erie water into the Atlantic, symbolically linking the heartland to the ocean. On October 26, 2025, Krugman reminds us that the same principle holds true: strategic government investment in innovation creates unstoppable momentum and national renewal.
Takeaway
The Erie Canal turned America into an economic powerhouse; renewable energy can do the same for the 21st century. History proves that progress doesn’t come from waiting for markets alone—it comes when government dares to build what the future requires.
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1A4kX7op8r/?mibextid=wwXIfr
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The inspiration of America that it badly needs today.
Basically, what I was doing was a deep dive.
Fittingly, Lincoln’s own education was itself a kind of lifelong series of self-directed deep dives. He got his start in law, for instance, when he met a lawyer named John T. Stuart, who allowed Lincoln to borrow some of his law books. “If you wish to be a lawyer,” Lincoln would later tell a young man, “attach no consequence to the place you are in, or the person you are with; but get books, sit down anywhere, and go to reading for yourself. That will make a lawyer of you quicker than any other way.”
His campaign against slavery, too, began by going deep. “He searched through the dusty volumes of congressional proceedings in the State library,” William Herndon, Lincoln’s law partner, recalled, “and dug deeply into political history.” His way, Herndon observed, was to dig up a question by the roots and dry it out by the fires of the mind, until he could see it for what it was.
Nowhere was this ability to see things plainly more evident than in the Gettysburg Address, which was just 271 words long. You might think such a short speech was easy to write, in fact, it was the descendent of a decade-plus-long deep dive into language, elocution, rhetoric, history, law, politics and the founding ideals of the nation – a word he repeated in the speech five times. It was an expression of the work Lincoln did to get to the “nub” of a subject, as his law partner said. As Wills writes in Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade America, Lincoln was able to, as a result of his masterful understanding of the issues and opportunity at hand, to effectively redefine and refound the nation in a single speech, in a way that two and a half years of war had not been able to.
https://ryanholiday.medium.com/do-you-know-how-to-do-a-deep-dive-b05d7d104411
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Highly recommended read relevant to our times in the USA
Timely and highly recommended reading to remind us of the zenith while we are at the nadir today
Basically, what I was doing was a deep dive.
Fittingly, Lincoln’s own education was itself a kind of lifelong series of self-directed deep dives. He got his start in law, for instance, when he met a lawyer named John T. Stuart, who allowed Lincoln to borrow some of his law books. “If you wish to be a lawyer,” Lincoln would later tell a young man, “attach no consequence to the place you are in, or the person you are with; but get books, sit down anywhere, and go to reading for yourself. That will make a lawyer of you quicker than any other way.”
His campaign against slavery, too, began by going deep. “He searched through the dusty volumes of congressional proceedings in the State library,” William Herndon, Lincoln’s law partner, recalled, “and dug deeply into political history.” His way, Herndon observed, was to dig up a question by the roots and dry it out by the fires of the mind, until he could see it for what it was.
Nowhere was this ability to see things plainly more evident than in the Gettysburg Address, which was just 271 words long. You might think such a short speech was easy to write, in fact, it was the descendent of a decade-plus-long deep dive into language, elocution, rhetoric, history, law, politics and the founding ideals of the nation – a word he repeated in the speech five times. It was an expression of the work Lincoln did to get to the “nub” of a subject, as his law partner said. As Wills writes in Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade America, Lincoln was able to, as a result of his masterful understanding of the issues and opportunity at hand, to effectively redefine and refound the nation in a single speech, in a way that two and a half years of war had not been able to.
https://ryanholiday.medium.com/do-you-know-how-to-do-a-deep-dive-b05d7d104411
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News through a fire hose
Nobel Peace Prize: Awarded to María Corina Machado of Venezuela for promoting democracy and human rights.
Trump’s lobbying for the prize failed; his team accused the committee of “politics over peace.”
Putin criticized the Nobel Committee’s credibility; Trump thanked him publicly. Attacks on Journalists:
A federal judge issued a temporary restraining order barring agents from attacking journalists.
Despite this, WGN-TV producer Debbie Brockman was violently arrested while filming Border Patrol agents; later released without charges.
Homeland Security falsely claimed she assaulted an officer — viewed as an intimidation tactic.
Opposition to National Guard Deployments: Vermont Governor Phil Scott (R) joined Illinois’s governor in condemning Trump’s use of federalized Guard troops in Chicago and Portland as unconstitutional.
ICE Oversight Blocked: Senators Durbin and Duckworth denied access to an ICE facility in Illinois for the fourth time, violating congressional oversight rights.
Durbin questioned what the administration is hiding from the public. Stephen Miller’s Role: Reuters reported Miller is orchestrating the crackdown on political opponents.
The administration is targeting funding for groups it labels “domestic terror networks” based on alleged anti-American or anti-Christian beliefs.
Rhetoric Against Opposition: House Speaker Mike Johnson and Whip Tom Emmer smeared Democrats and protestors at the upcoming “No Kings” rally as “anti-American” and “terrorists.”
Legal scholars noted the irony that defending constitutional separation of powers is being portrayed as unpatriotic.
Officials joke about ruling Congress with an “iron fist”; Steve Bannon compared Congress to Russia’s Duma.
House Shutdown & Governance Crisis: Johnson canceled another House session — fourth consecutive week — halting work on: The federal budget, Healthcare premium tax credit extensions, and The swearing-in of Rep. Adelita Grijalva (D-AZ), whose vote could force release of Epstein investigation files.
Propaganda & Hatch Act Violations: GOP officials’ automatic emails falsely blame Democrats for the shutdown.
TSA lines now feature a video of DHS Secretary Kristi Noem accusing Democrats — clear misuse of government resources for partisan messaging.
Commentators noted such propaganda is typical of authoritarian regimes.
Shutdown Escalation: Administration refuses to negotiate with Democrats.
New illegal firings target workers seen as supporting Democrats. Labor unions filed lawsuits after OMB head Russell Vought threatened mass cuts during the shutdown.
Trade and Market Chaos: Trump bypassed Congress to raise tariffs (a congressional power) and threatened 100% tariffs on Chinese goods starting Nov. 1. Triggered sharp stock market declines both during and after trading. Move followed China’s restriction of rare earth exports, worsening global economic tension.
ChatGPT provided this as bulletproof points summary of a write up by Professor of American History who has taken on a role as the preserver and journalist reporting on history being made.
Find her on all social media platforms, follow her on your platform of choice.
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